!#1: Saved Berkeley Water Pumps: March 2011

Friday, March 25, 2011

Energy from algae - A glimmer of hope for the world's Power Hungry

!: Energy from algae - A glimmer of hope for the world's Power Hungry

petrochemical resources are limited, rare, and is expected to have passed. Furthermore, because they have a negative impact on the environment, which led to a widely discussed phenomenon of global warming, fossil fuels must be reduced in both developed and developing countries.

A sustainable CO2-neutral fuels will be highlighted in search systems around the world. Energy production in some plants such as palm oil or rapeMaybe not the best choice because they can be used for food production. Such as hydrogen, which is used by fuel cells to generate electricity, it could be the likely winner because of the lack of green gas-generation fuel cell technologies. Some energy experts also were able to predict that within a few decades the world turns, that life is based on pure hydrogen, where the energy-rich, low cost and nonpolluting.Hydrogen can be extracted from fossil fuels, but thenow more expensive than oil or natural gas directly. The water can be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis, but requires electricity, which again created the fossil fuels and renewable sources like wind and solar energy even more expensive.

The high oil prices, competing demands between foods and other sources of biofuels and the global food crisis, and therefore caused a strong interest in the culture of algae (seaweed farming) for the manufacture of vegetable oil,Biodiesel, ethanol, bio-fuel, bio-methanol, bio-butanol and other biofuels, land use, that are not conducive to agriculture.

Microalgae are single-celled organisms like plants and photosynthetic activity in the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the biomass. Algae biomass has three main Components: carbohydrates, proteins and natural oils. Therefore capable of producing a number of potential fuels, such as methane production, biological or thermal gasificationEthanol fermentation and production of bio-diesel and direct combustion of biomass of algae in the production of steam or electricity.

Recent research initiatives have shown that the biomass of microalgae appears to be one of the most promising renewable bio-diesel, which is able to meet the global demand for transport fuels. Microalgae are often double the biomass and productivity within 24 hours of high oil prices, they are very desirable in the production of bio-diesel. Usemicroalgae to produce bio-diesel can not endanger the food, feed and other products derived from plants. More than the production of energy from microalgae is largely CO2 neutral because the CO2 absorbed during the growth and CO2 is then released when they are used for power generation. Industrial CO2 emissions can be used as a "re-source, the algae grow faster in the higher CO2 concentration, and therefore more biomass for energy production. Algae andused in the treatment of waste water and can be grown in different environments, freshwater and saltwater.

Microalgae culture has emerged as one of the most promising source of bio-oil, which contribute significantly to future energy supplies.

John Gartner, an article entitled: "Algae: Power Plant of the Future" Gaffron said Hans, a German scholar who fled Germany at the University of Chicago in 1930, observed in 1939 that the algae would be (theTherefore, it is still unknown) change in the production of hydrogen, oxygen, rather than creating, but only for a short period of time.

Under normal circumstances, the algae contain mainly oil and protein, and fat content does not exceed 20% of the total dry weight. But in 1980, it was found that the nutrients in nutritional stress or limited microalgae salty environment some will accumulate up to 72% of their weight, such as lipids (fats). Mass of algae is a typical heating systemsvalue (heat produced by combustion) in 8000 to 10,000 BTU / lb, which is better than lignite, but the calorific value of algae oil and grease 16,000 BTU / lb, which is better than charcoal. The breakthrough finally came just 60 years later, in 1999, when the University of California, Berkeley professor Tasios Melis, and researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, found that depriving the algae of sulfur and oxygen, allowing more hydrogen periodstime.

Mr. Shakeel A Khan, Indian Institute of Scientific Research agri article states: "The algae, a new, renewable energy and carbon sequestration" that there are two very common and practical methods for large-scale production of microalgae.

Lake) Raceway: This is a closed recirculation channel, which is usually about 0.3 m deep. There is a wheel, which mixes and distributes the biomass. Flow introduced in the corners to put the embarrassment of the flow channel.Raceway canals were built, compacted earth or concrete, and usually covered with white plastic. During the day, the culture is fed continuously in front of the impeller, where the flow begins. Broth is collected behind the wheel at the end of the circulation loop. The impeller works every time, to prevent settling.

b) photobioreactors (PBS): PBS has been used successfully to produce large quantities of micro-algal biomass. PB is practicallyA single species of microalgae culture for longer. PB pipe is a law made clear tubes, which are usually made of plastic or glass. Solar tubes are generally 0.1 m or less in diameter. diameter of the tube is limited because the light does not penetrate too deeply into the thick broth that is necessary for high productivity of biomass in the RCP. Micro-algae soup orbiting a reservoir to the solar collector and back totank.

The potential of microalgae for the production of liquid fuels has led to the creation of hundreds of companies in the field and extensive research is being carried out to identify the process efficient and profitable for the commercial production of algal bio oils. Nevertheless, there are only a handful of efforts that are close to the pilot fuel, including oil and Cell Sapphire Energy, which is supported in part by Shell Oil.

The patentedraceway ponds using a mixture of technology and the budget for the production of bio-fuels from algae oil in the HR Technology Bio. In his pilot factory, a selective strain of algae is grown in the PB under steady conditions, which promote cell division and continue to prevent contamination of the culture of other agencies. The main body of the production DB long series of four temperature and pH controlled tubes that are connected in parallel. Process Schematicthe figure above. The algae are exposed to the sun, while he was suspended in order to maximize growth. Subsequently, the algae through the PBS is an open lake, which is based on wheels, recirculating raceway, a durable plastic coating. The goal here is to expose the cells to nutrient depletion and other environmental stresses that lead to the synthesis of biodiesel as quickly as possible. Environmental stresses that induce the production of oil can be applied quicklyTransfer to the open pond culture in PB. Lakes, such as PBS, exposed to direct sunlight. Depending on the desired product, harvested from the lake 2 or 3 days and the algae cells are concentrated by gravity into the mud, the excess water is removed by suction and then further concentrated by centrifugation. Wet biomass, and then dried. Oil and other by-products are extracted by a process of its own.

Talking about India, the country consumes oil at a rate well below theproduction rates, leaving them dependent on foreign oil supplies. While the oil is not growing at 5-6%, and India will be depleted within 20 years the current rate of extraction. Approximately 70% of the oil occurring in automobiles, the development of liquid fuels used in motor vehicles is vital that biofuels are a viable option. However, the fuels made from crops in a country as densely populated, food security, the bad and the limited arable land, whichdifficult and dangerous. Side table compares the production capacity of biofuels from various sources. According to the "Biodiesel 2010 - According to a study of the global market," India has 60 million hectares of arable land is not available to produce Jatropha, and intends to replace 20% of Jatropha oil-based biodiesel. India has one of the biggest manufacturer in the world of algae and this alternative may be particularly useful in India, where commercial production is carriedgeneral human consumption. Biodiesel from algae can be replaced or mixed with regular diesel, the main fuel vehicles in India.

Extensive research is to identify specific strains of algae and the methods and technology that Bio-fuels from algae can be directly used in transportation, and fossil fuels should not be confused.

But the battle is just beginning. 2 edition of the Biodiesel 2020 study finds the biodiesel industry is entering a newera of transition to alternative materials, new technologies, and government policies for sustainable food revised inventory and fuels. All such transitions provide significant growth opportunities and challenges for developers of biodiesel producers, feedstock producers, and entrepreneurs.

On the other hand, according to U.S. energy policy adviser and Daniel Kamm, the most interesting of the algae, it is a joker. The algae is a great player, but now thatreal breakthroughs are needed for a range of reasonable size, the production of algae oil, enough to run even a car. Christen Coogner by new discoveries, but the algae to the fuel source is currently the largest energy density of the organic, the cost of producing algae oil is priceless. The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that the Bio-fuel cost about 8 $ per gallon at the pump. Other experts also designed to cost more than $ 50 per gallon due to inefficiencyproduction and harvesting methods.

Kansas State University engineer Wenquiao Yuan and his colleagues, because the algae that grow on floating platforms in the ocean acres businesses significantly reduce costs associated with production of algal oil free light, nutrients, temperature controlled water. However, an inevitable problem for the marine environment - such as the weather is over.

Some reports also suggest that there will be at least 10-15years before we can hope to find a proper solution to this. Thus, the future of the industrial production of bio-fuels for energy and algae is not yet clear. Although the pilot testing and research continues, more and more money and resources dedicated employees worldwide and is expected to continue to use the focus on energy conservation and efficient use of electricity and thermal energy. We must recognize that there is a lot cheaper and easierto save energy than to produce more renewable sources and the environmental impact of increasing fossil fuel production is already there in the world.

Energy from algae - A glimmer of hope for the world's Power Hungry

!: Kitchenaid Professional Mixer

Wednesday, March 16, 2011

Surgical treatment of erectile dysfunction

!: Surgical treatment of erectile dysfunction

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Penile implant

These are the most drastic and irreversible implementation of an artificial erection. Only if all other measures have been exhausted and no long-term effects in that the penis implant are warranted. These neutral silicone implants that are surgically inserted into the penis. normal erection is achieved then. Penile implants are of two types:

Passive Implants: Two rod is inserted into the siliconepenis, which remains standing still. The silicone rod can be positioned in different angles, but this can be a source of confusion in the public events such as swimming. Orgasm can be achieved if there are hormonal factors that hinder or upset.

Active Implants: These inflatable silicone implanted into the pockets of the penis. The penis remains in the flaccid state for good management of the prosthesis due to inflation and erection. One type of implantactivated by pressing the glans (penis head) with one hand. The liquid is transferred from one container to the main inflatable bags. The other type, the liquid container is implanted in the scrotum, and can be pumped by hand.

Other treatments

Other non-surgical and surgical treatments of impotence is considered a pilot basis, and there may be a promising future, some of them. For example, groups of doctors in Russia and GermanyExamination of the electrical stimulation of the outer shell of a swimming pool in the abdomen and back. There are already commercial devices using this principle, which seems to increase blood flow to the genital area. Directly stimulate the pelvic nerve (which is caused by the erection of a nerve), using implanted electrodes and an electrical pacemaker-like are also envisaged.

"Natural" or alternative methods abound. They range from the "natural" foods, whichhigh testosterone and DHEA, such as green oats (marketed under the brand SEXATIVA) and Saw Palmetto, yoga exercises to increase muscle tone and circulation to the genital area. It is not clear whether there are any real impact, or they are simply a suggestion or a placebo effect of phenomena.

However, one thing has been scientifically established. Increase in blood testosterone levels immediately after exercise, or excessive weight loss. Thus, in a natural way to fight the lightHypogonadism can be frequent exercise and a healthy weight.

And approved a controversial treatment

Bremelanotide

The experimental drug Bremelanotide (formerly PT-141) does not affect the circulatory system than the former compounds but increases sexual desire and drive the men than in women. This nasal spray is used. Bremelanotide works activation of melanocortin receptors in the brain. He is currently in PhaseIIb.

Ginseng

A double-blind study seems to show that ginseng is better than placebo: see the ginseng article for details and links.

Enzyte

Enzyte is a product that announced the saturation coverage of television channels such as Court TV. At the same time, the Center for Science in Public Interest (CSPI) filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) about Enzyte for deceptive advertising. It is manufactured by BerkeleyNutritionals, which assumes that the investigation by the Attorney General of Ohio and the defendant in the class action lawsuit.

Enzyte is a supplement that claims to boost the male libido or frequency of erections of the penis. Advertising for Enzyte are shown regularly on television. These ads are a man named Bob, who is always smiling, apparently because he is taken Enzyte and improved the size of the genitals. The ads are full ofphallic symbolic images, such as golf clubs, a very tall glass of iced tea, and a hose spraying barely a trickle of water (this is the person who does not use Enzyte).

The effectiveness of Enzyte is at issue. Some health professionals recommend taking Enzyte, saying that it can cause damage. The Center for Science in the Public Interest asked the Federal Trade Commission to ban television advertising for Enzyte due to a lack of appropriate studies of othersGrant applications. Berkeley Premium Enzyte maker healing, Inc., currently a class action for false advertising.

Enzyte is said to contain: Tribulus terrestris, Yohimbe Extract, Niacin, Epimedium, Avena sativa, zinc oxide, Maca, Muira Pauma, Ginkgo biloba, L-Arginine, Saw Palmetto. Other ingredients: gelatin, rice bran, oat fiber, magnesium stearate, silica.

Herbal and other alternative therapies

These are generally ineffective when testedblind, but it may be useful in the psychological (placebo) effect: if a good result is expected, while highly praised, and often expensive, treatment can be effective. Recognized drugs can also benefit from the same effect.

Treatments for erectile dysfunction discussion

PDE5 Inhibitors

The prescription PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil (Viagra ®), vardenafil (Levitra ®) and tadalafil (Cialis ®) prescription drugs that are administered orally. Are working to block the actionIn PDE5, which is the degradation of cGMP. cGMP causes the smooth muscles of the arteries in the penis relax, allowing the corpora cavernosa to fill with blood.

Vacuum

An external vacuum pump is clogged penis produce nearly 90% of success, penis ring helps maintain this status, although it must be removed no later than 30 minutes. The erection is not as rigid or hard as a natural erection drugs or injections, when the work can be beneficial. MiscellaneousStudies show that the satisfaction of users and the partners' varying variable, even if the drugs and injections do not work, in one study, approximately 20% of men who tried a (high prices) pump decided to proceed buying one. Other studies have shown a higher percentage of user satisfaction.

In some Cases frequent use of a vacuum pump eventually improve the degree of erection is available without using a pump. He claims the cheap "penis pumps" to permanently increase maximum penisshould be viewed with caution, however.

Each vacuum sold at prices above 100% refund within 90 days to dissatisfied users, a slightly lower price guaranteed refund of 50% (Osbon Erec, [7]). This pump is supported by health insurance plans, including the UK NHS and U.S. Medicare and private insurers. The best-known pumps sell prices of around 200 USD GBP/400 (2006). Have at least one vacuum pump to sell rings around a fifth of thisPrice (Noogleberry, [8]). List of special tools as a guide, mention may not be taken as an entry.